An 8-plate 160 V 450 mA Federal brand selenium rectifier
Feb 25, 2013 I have Exide battery charger model # (70-100). I need to replace the 4 button diodes that is rated at 75amps 400 volts with a bridge rectifier. Can someone tell me which bridge rectifier I can use to replace these diodes with and how to connect it in the circuit of the charger? The button diode is press into a plate two in each row. Bridge Rectifiers. GrandPower Components specializes in high current Diode Bridge Rectifiers, single and Three Phase Diode Bridge Rectifiers. Typical applications for these input rectifier bridges are: welding, generator, battery charger, AC motor drive, and traction markets. Air and water cooled Bridge Rectifier assemblies up to 20,000 amps.
A selenium rectifier is a type of metal rectifier, invented in 1933.[citation needed] They were used in power supplies for electronic equipment and in high-current battery-charger applications until they were superseded by silicon diode rectifiers in the late 1960s. The arrival of the alternator in some automobiles was the result of compact, low-cost, high-current silicon rectifiers. These units were small enough to be inside the alternator case, unlike the selenium units that preceded silicon devices.
The rectifying properties of selenium, amongst other semiconductors, were observed by Braun, Schuster and Siemens between 1874 and 1883.[1] The photoelectric and rectifying properties of selenium were also observed by Adams and Day in 1876[2] and C. E. Fitts around 1886, but practical rectifier devices were not manufactured routinely until the 1930s. Compared with the earlier copper-oxide rectifier, the selenium cell could withstand higher voltage, but at a lower current capacity per unit area.[3]
Construction[edit]
Typical structure of a selenium rectifier[clarification needed]
Selenium rectifiers are made from stacks of aluminum or steel plates coated with about 1 μm of bismuth or nickel. A much thicker layer of selenium (50 to 60 μm) doped with a halogen is deposited on top of the thin metal plating. The selenium is then converted into polycrystalline gray (hexagonal) form by annealing. Each plate is able to withstand about 20 volts in the reverse direction. The metal squares, or disks, also serve as heat sinks in addition to providing a mounting place for the selenium disks. Plates can be stacked indefinitely to withstand higher voltages. Stacks of thousands of miniature selenium disks have been used as high-voltage rectifiers in television sets and photocopy machines.
Use[edit]
Selenium rectifiers used in 1950s MADDIDA computer
Selenium rectifier from 1960s. Each plate is 1-inch square.
Radio and television receivers used them from about 1947 to 1975 to provide up to a few hundred volts of plate voltage. Vacuum-tube rectifiers had efficiencies of only 60% compared to the 85% of selenium rectifiers, partially because vacuum-tube rectifiers required heating. Selenium rectifiers have no warm-up time, unlike high-vacuum rectifiers. Selenium rectifiers were also cheaper and simpler to specify and install than vacuum tubes. However, they were later replaced by silicon diodes with high efficiencies (close to 100% at high voltages). Selenium rectifiers had the capability to act as current limiters, which can temporarily protect the rectifier during a short circuit and provide stable current for charging batteries.
Properties[edit]
A selenium rectifier has about the same size as copper-oxide rectifiers, but much larger than a silicon or germanium diode. Selenium rectifiers have a long but not indefinite service life of 60,000 to 100,000 hours, depending on rating and cooling. The rectifier can show some unforming of the rectifier characteristic after long storage.[4] Each cell can withstand a reverse voltage around 25 volts and has a forward voltage drop around 1 volt, which limits the efficiency at low voltages. Selenium rectifiers have an operating temperature limit of 130 °C and are not suitable for high-frequency circuits.[5]
Replacement[edit]
Selenium rectifiers had a shorter lifespan than desired. During catastrophic failure they produced significant quantities of malodorous and highly toxic fumes that let the repair technician know what the problem was. By far the most common failure mode was a progressive increase in forward resistance, increasing forward voltage drop and reducing the rectifier's efficiency. During the 1960s they began to be superseded by silicon rectifiers, which exhibited lower forward voltage drop, lower cost, and higher reliability.[6] They are still manufactured for exact replacement purposes, but are not designed into new equipment.
Selenium diode computer logic[edit]
In 1961 IBM started developing a low-speed computer logic family[7] that used selenium diodes with similar characteristics to silicon but cost less than one cent. The terminal development departments were begging for low cost and did not need speed. It was possible to punch 1/8-inch discs from a sheet of selenium diode. GE claimed that they could make reliable selenium diodes. A design was achieved for a DDTL circuit with two levels of diode logic feeding one alloy transistor and no series input resistor or speed-up capacitor. The family was called SMAL[8] or SMALL, for 'selenium matrix alloy logic'. The alloy transistor proved to be too fast for the selenium diode recovery. To solve this problem, a selenium diode was connected around the base–emitter to slow it down. The two-level logic was similar to the PLAs programmable logic array that would come on the market many years later. Nearly any static logic function that yielded one output could be achieved with one transistor and a handful of cheap diodes. Several years later the selenium diodes were found not to be reliable and were replaced by silicon diodes. The logic family was packaged on SMS cards.[8]
Further reading[edit]
- F.T. Selenium Rectifier Handbook; 2nd Ed; Federal Telephone and Radio; 80 pages; 1953. (archive)
- S.T. Selenium Rectifier Handbook; 1st Ed; Sarkes Tarzian; 80 pages; 1950. (archive)
References[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Selenium rectifiers. |
- ^books.google.co.uk
- ^books.google.co.uk
- ^Peter Robin Morris. A history of the world semiconductor industry, IET, 1990, ISBN0-86341-227-0, pages 13, 18.
- ^Ernst Bleule (ed.), Electronic methods, Academic Press, 1964, ISBN0-12-475902-5, pages 206–207.
- ^H. P. Westman (ed), Reference Data for Radio Engineers Fifth Edition, Howard W. Sams & Co., Inc. 1968, chapter 13.
- ^Selenium, U.S. Department of the Interior.
- ^US Patent 3218472: Transistor switch with noise rejection provided by variable capacitance feedback diode.
- ^ abThe 1060 Data Communications System(PDF). IBM. p. 2.
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Selenium_rectifier&oldid=908123914'
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